Das Good Lives Model2025-09-16T09:38:56+02:00

Good Lives Model

Das GLM ist ein Rahmenmodell der Rehabilitation straffällig gewordener Menschen. Ziel ist es, diese zu befähigen, Lebensziele zu erreichen und grundlegende Bedürfnisse prosozial und nachhaltig erfüllen zu können. Dies ist ein wichtiger Grundstein für Straffreiheit.

Fokus auf Stärken und Ressourcen

Risikofaktoren zu eliminieren hinterlässt Löcher. Fähigkeiten und Stärken aufzubauen, eröffnet dagegen neue Möglichkeiten.

Das GLM wurzelt in den Ansätzen der Positive Psychology und des Motivational Interviewing. Tony Ward und sein Team formulierten das GLM als Gegenentwurf zur vorherrschenden Risiko- und Problemorientierung. Während die Risk-Need-Responsivity-(RNR) Prinzipien vor allem das Ziel haben, Risikofaktoren möglichst effektiv zu identifizieren und dann zu minimieren, werden im GLM gezielt neue Fähigkeiten und Zukunftschancen aufgebaut. Dadurch können zentrale Bedürfnisse auf eine prosoziale und erfolgreichere Weise erfüllt werden, was Risiken für Straffälligkeit nachhaltig senkt.

Rahmenkonzept statt Behandlungsprogramm

Rehabilitation geht auf ganz unterschiedlichen Wegen. Wir sollten aber immer wissen WARUM wir etwas WIE tun.

Alle Beurteilungen und Interventionen im forensischen Kontext werden getragen von den Werten, dem Menschenbild und dem Verständnis, was Kriminalität ist und wie sie entsteht. Das GLM ist ein mögliches Rahmenmodell für ein solches Verständnis. Die zentralen Werte im GLM sind menschliche Würde, Mündigkeit und Entscheidungs- sowie Handlungsfreiheit. Diese bestimmen die theoretischen Annahmen und Handlungsempfehlungen für die Praxis.

Primary Goods als Motor

Was uns als Menschen eint, ist das Streben nach der Erfüllung  grundlegender Bedürfnisse.

Das GLM geht davon aus, dass es Erfahrungen bzw. Aktivitäten gibt, die um ihrer selbst willen angestrebt werden und einen innewohnenden Wert haben (Primary Goods). Kommen wir deren Erreichung näher, fühlen wir uns wohler und zufriedener. Während alle Menschen die Primary Goods anstreben, ist die Priorisierung der einzelnen Primary Goods ganz individuell.

Auch die Mittel und Wege, wie die Primary Goods verfolgt werden, können sehr verschieden sein. Hier gibt es unzählige unterschiedliche instrumentelle Ziele und Tätigkeiten (sogenannte Secondary Goods).

Nach einer tiefgehenden Analyse der Literatur und Forschung haben sich insgesamt 11 Primary Goods ergeben:

Wir Menschen wollen gesund und kraftvoll sein sowie sicher leben, um gut zu funktionieren.

Primary Good: (Körperliches) Wohlbefinden

Wir Menschen wollen uns mit anderen nah und verbunden fühlen.

Primary Good: Beziehung

Wir Menschen wollen Teil einer Gemeinschaft sein.

Primary Good: Community

Wir Menschen wollen Erfolg und Herausforderungen in einer sinnstiftenden Tätigkeit erleben.

Primary Good: Gutsein im Beruf

Wir Menschen wollen lernen und dabei die Welt und uns selbst verstehen.

Primary Good: Wissenserwerb

Wir Menschen wollen etwas Neues und Einzigartiges schaffen.

Primary Good: Kreativität

Wir Menschen wollen unabhängig und frei sein.

Primary Good: Selbstbestimmtheit

Wir Menschen wollen Freude und Erfolg in unserem frei gewählten Tun erleben.

Primary Good: Freizeit

Wir Menschen wollen Spaß im Hier und Jetzt haben.

Primary Good: Vergnügen

Wir Menschen wollen ausgeglichen und entspannt sein.

Primary Good: Innere Ruhe

Wir Menschen wollen Sinn und Bedeutung im Leben erfahren.

Primary Good: Sinn / Spiritualität

Kriminalität ist nur ein Mittel

Direkt oder indirekt ist jedes Verhalten ein Mittel, um grundlegende Bedürfnisse zu erfüllen.

Im GLM wird Straffälligkeit als unangemessener Versuch gesehen, grundlegende Bedürfnisse zu erfüllen. Diese Sichtweise befördert eine sinnstiftende Erklärung für die individuelle Straffälligkeit, aus der sich konkrete Ansatzpunkte für rückfallpräventive Maßnahmen ableiten lassen.

Auf Augenhöhe bleiben

Mitgefühl, Respekt und Offenheit ermöglichen eine tragfähige Beziehung.

In der (therapeutischen) Beziehung zu den straffällig gewordenen Personen ist eine warme, empathische und unterstützende Haltung ein wesentliches Mittel, um Veränderungen zu motivieren und zu begleiten. Wenn Straffälligkeit im Zusammenhang mit den priorisierten Primary Goods verstanden wird, entsteht eine wertschätzende Atmosphäre, welche die Basis für alle gelungenen Interventionen ist.

Für alle Personen geeignet

Da alle Menschen danach streben, grundlegende Bedürfnisse zu erfüllen, können auch alle darin unterstützt werden.

Die Anwendung des GLM ist an keine besonderen Voraussetzungen geknüpft. Deshalb eignet sich das GLM auch für:

  • Personen aller Geschlechter
  • Jugendliche und Heranwachsende
  • ältere Erwachsene
  • Personen aus diversen kulturellen Kontexten
  • Personen mit Sexualstraftat
  • Personen mit Gewaltstraftat
  • Personen mit Intelligenzminderung
  • Personen mit psychopathologischen Diagnosen
  • Personen mit hohen Psychopathie-Werten

Kreativer und individueller Zugang

Die besten Interventionen sind die, welche die individuellen Bedürfnisse, Fähigkeiten und Ziele ansprechen.

Jede Person ist anders. Deshalb orientiert sich das GLM nicht an einem starren Manual. Befragungen, Gespräche, Beobachtungen der Person und des Umfeldes, Körper bzw. Bewegung, Musik und Kunst können bewusst eingesetzt werden, um einen individuellen Zugang zu Lebenszielen und grundlegenden Bedürfnissen zu bekommen. Die Lebenspläne werden stets gemeinsam in der Sprache der betroffenen Personen formuliert.

Risiko stets im Blick

Die Ressourcenorientierung und eine sachkundige Risikobeurteilung schließen sich nicht aus.

Im GLM ergänzen sich die ressourcen- und risikoorientierte Perspektive gegenseitig. Das GLM steht dem Risk-Need- Responsivity-(RNR)Ansatz nicht entgegen. Vielmehr werden die RNR-Prinzipien im GLM direkt implementiert. Risikofaktoren werden im GLM als Hindernisse auf dem Weg zu einem erfüllenden, straffreien Leben verstanden. Sie müssen auch im GLM systematisch erfasst und adressiert werden. Dies geschieht über den gezielten Aufbau neuer Fähigkeiten.

FAQ zum GLM

Häufig gestellte Fragen (FAQ) geben Ihnen einen Überblick über das Good Lives Model in Deutsch. Die Fragen gliedern sich in verschiedene Kategorien zum theoretischen Hintergrund, den Hauptkomponenten des Modells, der Anwendung in der Praxis und wissenschaftlichen Evaluationen.

Was ist das Ziel von Behandlung bzw. Rehabilitation nach dem Good Lives Model (GLM)?2021-06-22T19:21:48+02:00

Das GLM fokussiert darauf, erfüllende und sozial verträgliche Lebensweisen von Klient*innen zu fördern, um Rückfallrisiken zu reduzieren. Es handelt sich dabei quasi um eine doppelte Zielsetzung. Laut GLM sind diese Ziele untrennbar miteinander verknüpft: Persönlich bedeutsame Lebensziele erreichen und dahinterliegende Grundbedürfnisse erfüllen zu können gilt als Basis für ein straffreies, zufriedenes Leben in Freiheit .

Das GLM geht davon aus, dass jeder Mensch auf seinem Lebensweg nach der Erfüllung ihm wichtiger Grundbedürfnisse strebt und Straftaten aus verschiedenen Problemen auf diesem Weg resultieren (s.u. Ätiologische Annahmen). Deshalb sollte es ein Ziel der Rehabilitation  sein, diese Probleme zu identifizieren und alternative, sozialverträgliche Lebenspläne zu entwerfen, die den persönlichen Präferenzen, Kompetenzen und Möglichkeiten entsprechen. Somit wird es straffällig gewordenen Menschen möglich, ihre Grundbedürfnisse auf prosozialen Wegen zu erreichen und Interventionen gleichzeitig als persönlich förderlich zu erleben, während das Rückfallrisiko gesenkt wird .

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Inwieweit ist das Good Lives Model (GLM) ressourcenorientiert?2021-06-22T19:22:16+02:00

Das GLM ist in der Grundhaltung, Zielsetzung und Umsetzung grundlegend ressourcenorientiert. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass sich durch den Aufbau von Ressourcen, die zur sozialverträglichen Erfüllung wesentlicher Lebensziele und Grundbedürfnisse notwendig sind, auch Risikofaktoren für Straffälligkeit senken lassen. Deshalb sollte der Fokus von Rehabilitation darauf liegen, wie Klient*innen ihre vorhandenen Fähigkeiten nutzen und im Ausbau wichtiger Kompetenzen und äußerer Bedingungen unterstützt werden können .

Dabei spielt bereits die Formulierung von Annäherungszielen (z.B. Gesund leben) statt Vermeidungszielen (z.B. keine Drogen mehr nehmen) eine wichtige Rolle. Wie die wissenschaftliche Literatur zeigt, sind Annäherungsziele nicht nur motivierender für Klient*innen, sondern führen auch zu mehr Durchhaltevermögen und längerfristige Stabilisierung von neuem Verhalten . Vermeidung von Rückfallrisiko kann analog verstanden werden als nähme man nach und nach die morschen Bretter eines Regals heraus. Werden diese jedoch nicht durch neue Regalbretter ersetzt, so wird das Regal immer instabiler, funktioniert nicht mehr als Regal und die Handwerkerin wird darüber nachdenken die alten Bretter doch wieder einzusetzen. Entsprechend sollten auch antisoziale Lebensweisen und Straffälligkeit durch prosoziale Alternativen, Kompetenzen und Fähigkeiten ersetzt werden.

Im GLM bedeutet Ressourcenorientierung keinesfalls, dass Problembereiche ausgespart werden. Im Gegenteil ist die Erarbeitung eines Verständnisses für Problembereiche und Alternativen ein wichtiger Teil im GLM. In Kombination können Problem- und Ressourcenorietierung, Risiko-Management und positive Zukunftsziele zu langfristig effektiverer Gestaltung neuer, förderlicher Lebensweisen beitragen .

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Welches Menschenbild und welche Werte stehen hinter dem Good Lives Model (GLM)?2021-06-22T19:21:28+02:00

Das GLM ist grundlegend verankert in den Konzepten von Menschenwürde und universellen Menschenrechten. Menschen werden als entscheidungs- und handlungsfähige Individuen gesehen, die in der Lage sind selbstständig  Ziele zu wählen, Pläne zu entwerfen und in der Umsetzung der Pläne frei zu handeln. Diese Grundidee bildet die Basis für Verantwortungsübernahme bezüglich der eigenen Handlungen und kann als menschliche Handlungskompetenz (engl.: „agency“) bezeichnet werden .

Eng damit verbunden ist die Annahme, dass straffällig gewordene Personen, genau wie alle Menschen, nach der Erfüllung bestimmter Grundbedürfnisse (auch primary goods) streben. Die Bezeichnung als sogenannte „Straftäter“ ist irreführend, da sie straffällig gewordene Menschen auf ihre Straftat reduziert, ein lebenslanges Stigma ohne Hoffnung auf Veränderung suggeriert und verschleiert, dass universelle Menschenrechte gewahrt werden sollten.

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Was ist ein “Good Life Plan“?2022-12-18T12:35:30+01:00

Im GLM wird angenommen, dass alle Menschen nach jedem der primary goods zu einem gewissen Ausmaß streben. Eine implizite Ausrichtung und Priorisierung auf/von bestimmten primary goods erfolgt oft unbewusst und rudimentär in einer Art von unausgereiftem Lebens-Plan. In der Behandlung nach dem GLM können solche Lebenspläne bewusst gemacht, überprüft, ausgebaut und auf einen prosozialen Lebensstil ausgerichtet werden (engl.: good life plan, GLP).

Obwohl alle primary goods im GLP berücksichtigt werden sollten, gibt es individuelle Unterschiede in den Prioritäten. Die persönliche Rangfolge der Wichtigkeit aller 11 primary goods spiegelt sich in den Wertvorstellungen und Lebenszielen eines Individuums wider. Darüber hinaus lassen sich im Leben eines Individuums verschiedene Rollen oder Identitäten beschreiben, z.B. in der Familie (z.B. Vater/ Mutter), Arbeit (z.B. Psycholog*in) und Freizeit (z.B. Fußballspieler*in). Diese Identitäten sind jeweils mit verschiedenen Wertesystemen oder Prioritäten verknüpft und sollten im GLP ganzheitlich berücksichtigt werden .

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Willis, G. M., Yates, P. M., Gannon, T. A., & Ward, T. (2013). How to Integrate the Good Lives Model Into Treatment Programs for Sexual Offending: An Introduction and Overview. Sexual Abuse, 25(2), 123–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063212452618
Wormith, J. S., Gendreau, P., & Bonta, J. (2012). Deferring to Clarity, Parsimony, and Evidence in Reply to Ward, Yates, and Willis. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39(1), 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854811426087
Yates, P. M., Prescott, D., & Ward, T. (2010). Applying the good lives and self-regulation models to sex offender treatment: a practical guide for clinicians. Safer Society Press.
Willis, G. M., Prescott, D. S., & Yates, P. M. (2013). The Good Lives Model (GLM) in theory and practice. Sexual Abuse in Australia and New Zealand. https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.394984280746199
Schmidt, S., Heffernan, R., & Ward, T. (2021). The Cultural Agency-Model of Criminal Behavior. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 58, 101554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2021.101554
Was ist das Good Lives Model (GLM)?2021-06-22T19:17:20+02:00

Das Good Lives Model (GLM) ist ein weit verbreitetes Rahmenmodell zur Rehabilitation  straffällig gewordener Menschen. Laut GLM ist der bester Schritt zu Straffreiheit die Unterstützung von straffällig gewordenen Menschen. Hier geht es darum, den Menschen zu helfen ein erfüllendes und sozialverträgliches Leben zu führen, weil dies gleichzeitig das Risiko für Rückfälle senkt.

Wer hat das Good Lives Model (GLM) erfunden?2021-06-22T19:32:21+02:00

Das Good Lives Model wurde seit der ersten Veröffentlichung 2003 systematisch von Prof. Dr. Tony Ward und seinen Kollegen und Kolleginnen weiterentwickelt. Damit wurde es auch an die verschiedenen lokalen Gegebenheiten und besonderen Bedürfnisse bestimmter Populationen (z.B. Jugendliche und Heranwachsende) angepasst .

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Willis, G. M., Yates, P. M., Gannon, T. A., & Ward, T. (2013). How to Integrate the Good Lives Model Into Treatment Programs for Sexual Offending: An Introduction and Overview. Sexual Abuse, 25(2), 123–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063212452618
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Was unterscheidet das Good Lives Model (GLM) vom Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) Ansatz?2021-06-22T19:22:45+02:00

Historisch betrachtet wurde das Good Lives Model (GLM) von Tony Ward zunächst als Gegenentwurf zu den vorherrschenden risikofokussierten Herangehensweisen in der Einschätzung und Behandlung von Straffälligen formuliert . Dabei wurden die Grundprinzipien Risiko – Bedürfnis – Ansprechbarkeit im RNR-Ansatz v.a. für ihren Fokus auf Defizite und Risiko-Management kritisiert. Mit seinem ganzheitlichen Verständnis von Rehabilitation geht das GLM über traditionelle Risiko-Management-Ansätze hinaus und betrachtet straffällig gewordene Personen als „ganze Menschen“, nicht als Ansammlung von Risikofaktoren für erneute Straffälligkeit.

Durch die Einbettung in eine Rahmentheorie können Straftaten im GLM als unangemessener Ausdruck menschlicher Bedürfnisse verstanden werden. In der Rehabilitation sollten deshalb neben Risiko-Management und Rückfallvermeidung auch persönliche Motivatoren, Ressourcen und Annäherungsziele für ein erfüllendes und straffreies „gutes Leben“ Berücksichtigung finden. Diese Konzepte wurden aus Sicht von RNR-Autoren teilweise als unnötige Ablenkung von wissenschaftlich gesicherten Hauptfaktoren und Verkomplizierung der Vollzugsplanung verstanden .

In den letzten beiden Jahrzenhnten haben beide Ansätze viel voneinander gelernt. Die gegenseitige Kritik befruchtete sowohl RNR-Ansätze als auch GLM mit wertvollen Anregungen zur Weiterentwicklung. Nachdem die anfänglichen „Grabenkämpfe“ überwiegend überwunden sind, gelten beide als bedeutende Rahmenmodelle in der Rehabilitation von straffällig gewordenen Menschen, die sich v.a. in ihrem grundlegenden Ausgangspunkt von wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen (bei RNR) bzw. Humanistischem Verständnis (beim GLM) unterscheiden. Dieser grundlegende Unterschied zieht auch verschiedene Vorgehensweisen in der Praxis nach sich (siehe weitere Themen/Fragen).

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Sind das Good Lives Model (GLM) und der Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) Ansatz miteinander vereinbar?2021-06-22T19:23:10+02:00

Ja. Das oberste Ziel beider Ansätze ist eine möglichst effektive Rehabilitation straffällig gewordener Menschen und erhöhte Sicherheit in der Gemeinschaft. Die Autoren des GLM sprechen sich nicht dagegen aus, Risikofaktoren, Bedürfnisse und Ansprechbarkeit zu erheben und in die Behandlung einzubeziehen. Im Gegenteil: sie werden auch im GLM als wichtige Indikatoren berücksichtigt und in die Theorie eingebunden (s.u.). Umgekehrt haben RNR-basierte Programme, die teilweise mit hohen Dropout-Raten zu kämpfen hatten, die Relevanz von intrinsischer Motivation und das Potenzial des GLM diese anzusprechen anerkannt. So können sich beide Ansätze gegenseitig ergänzen und befruchten .

An manchen Stellen wird sogar davon ausgegangen, dass das GLM die Prinzipien des RNR komplett einschließt und mit seiner Rahmentheorie darüber hinausgeht . Umgekehrt schlussfolgern Andrews, Bonta, & Wormith, dass sich am GLM nichts einzigartiges finden lässt, das nicht auch in RNR-Ansätzen abgedeckt wäre . Fakt ist, dass das RNR eine längere Tradition hat, das GLM eine umfangreiche Weiterentwicklung darstellt und sich beide Ansätze gegenseitig auf ihre Stärken und Schwächen aufmerksam gemacht haben.

In der Psychotherapie ist es ein bekanntes Phänomen, dass neue Therapieansätze entwickelt und die vorherrschenden Prizipien hinterfragt bzw. ergänzt werden. Ein Praktiker tut gut daran, verschiedene Modelle, Methoden und Herangehensweisen zur Verfügung zu haben, um angemessen auf die individuellen Herausforderungen von Klient*innen reagieren zu können.

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Willis, G. M., Yates, P. M., Gannon, T. A., & Ward, T. (2013). How to Integrate the Good Lives Model Into Treatment Programs for Sexual Offending: An Introduction and Overview. Sexual Abuse, 25(2), 123–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063212452618
Wormith, J. S., Gendreau, P., & Bonta, J. (2012). Deferring to Clarity, Parsimony, and Evidence in Reply to Ward, Yates, and Willis. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39(1), 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854811426087
Yates, P. M., Prescott, D., & Ward, T. (2010). Applying the good lives and self-regulation models to sex offender treatment: a practical guide for clinicians. Safer Society Press.
Willis, G. M., Prescott, D. S., & Yates, P. M. (2013). The Good Lives Model (GLM) in theory and practice. Sexual Abuse in Australia and New Zealand. https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.394984280746199
Schmidt, S., Heffernan, R., & Ward, T. (2021). The Cultural Agency-Model of Criminal Behavior. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 58, 101554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2021.101554
Was sind „primary goods“ im Good Lives Model (GLM)?2021-06-22T19:20:41+02:00

Im GLM wird davon ausgegangen, dass straffällig gewordene Personen genau wie alle Menschen, bestimmte Geistes- und Gemütszustände, persönliche Eigenschaften und Erfahrungen schätzen. Diese werden als „primary goods“, in der deutschen Übersetzung auch als grundlegende Bedürfnisse bezeichnet.

Ursprünglich wurden diese Primären Güter in einer umfangreichen wissenschaftlichen Analyse der psychologischen, sozialen, biologischen und anthropologischen Forschung identifiziert . Ward und Kollegen kamen zunächst auf neun Kategorien. In empirischen Untersuchungen zur Überprüfung der Annahmen des Modells fand Purvis, dass die sozialen Bedürfnisse von Verbundenheit und Gemeinschaft voneinander zu trennen sind, ebenso wie das Erleben von Kompetenz in der Freizeit und in der Arbeit . Damit wurden die folgenden elf Kategorien unterschiedlicher primary goods definiert:

  1. Leben (gesund leben, körperliches und psychisches Wohlergehen)
  2. Wissen (wie gut man sich über Dinge informiert fühlt, die einem wichtig sind)
  3. Kompetenz in der Freizeit (Hobbies und Entspannung)
  4. Kompetenz in der Arbeit (u.a. Erfolgserlebnisse)
  5. Autonomie, Selbstbestimmung und Handlungsfähigkeit (engl.: „agency“)
  6. Innerer Frieden (Gelassenheit, Abwesenheit von innerem Aufruhr und Stress)
  7. Verbundenheit (enge Beziehungen zu Familie, Partner, Freunden)
  8. Gemeinschaft (Teil von größeren Gruppen mit geteilten Interessen sein)
  9. Spiritualität (im weiteren Sinne: Sinn und Erfüllung im Leben)
  10. Spaß/Freude/Genuss (Vergnügen, Lust, Glücksmomente)
  11. Kreativität (sich selbst ausdrücken, etwas erschaffen oder Neues probieren).
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Willis, G. M., Yates, P. M., Gannon, T. A., & Ward, T. (2013). How to Integrate the Good Lives Model Into Treatment Programs for Sexual Offending: An Introduction and Overview. Sexual Abuse, 25(2), 123–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063212452618
Wormith, J. S., Gendreau, P., & Bonta, J. (2012). Deferring to Clarity, Parsimony, and Evidence in Reply to Ward, Yates, and Willis. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39(1), 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854811426087
Yates, P. M., Prescott, D., & Ward, T. (2010). Applying the good lives and self-regulation models to sex offender treatment: a practical guide for clinicians. Safer Society Press.
Willis, G. M., Prescott, D. S., & Yates, P. M. (2013). The Good Lives Model (GLM) in theory and practice. Sexual Abuse in Australia and New Zealand. https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.394984280746199
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Wie sollte Rehabilitation nach dem Good Lives Model (GLM) in der Praxis gestaltet sein?2021-06-22T19:19:14+02:00

Rehabilitationsbemühungen sollten laut GLM straffällig gewordene Menschen mit dem Wissen, Fähigkeiten, Möglichkeiten und Ressourcen ausstatten, die sie benötigen um ihre geschätzten Lebensziele zu erreichen ohne andere zu schädigen . Ausgehend von den Grundannahmen der Menschenwürde und Handlungskompetenz eines jeden Menschen, sollte ihnen mit Respekt, Klarheit und Transparenz begegnet werden. Es sollten deshalb von Beginn an die folgenden Behandlungsziele offengelegt werden :

  • Klient*innen unterstützen, ihre Lebensziele auf sozialverträgliche Art zu erreichen
  • Probleme im Lebensplan und Lebensführung überwinden
  • das Rückfallrisiko senken (Management von Risiko und Defiziten)
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Wie effektiv ist das Good Lives Model (GLM)?2021-06-23T15:53:37+02:00

Ein aktuelles systematisches Review kommt zu dem Schluss, dass Programme, die auf dem Good Lives Model beruhen mindestens genauso effektiv sind wie allgemeine Rückfallprogramme. Darüber hinaus verbessern sie aber die Motivation und Compliance der Teilnehmenden.

Hinsichtlich der ätiologischen Annahmen des Good Lives Model waren die Ergebnisse gemischt. Das lag aber vor allem daran, das sehr unterschiedliche und wenig validierte Messverfahren für die zentralen Konzepte verwendet wurden . Der Mangel an geeigneten standardisierten Verfahren erschwert eine Evaluation insgesamt. Die Konzepte sind aber auch zu nahe am Individuum und Prozess orientiert, um sich valide in einem breiten standardisierten Verfahren erfassen zu lassen, weshalb eher andere Indikatoren für den Erfolg des GLM herangezogen werden sollten.

Eine weitere Studie zeigt, dass es keinerlei Einbußen in Sachen Effektivität (Verbleib in der Therapie und Veränderungen) gegenüber gewöhnlichen Programmen zur Rückfallprävention gibt, allerdings von einen viel stärkeren Fokus auf positive Lebensinhalte berichtet wird .

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Was sind „secondary goods“ im Good Lives Model (GLM)?2021-06-22T19:21:04+02:00

Da primary goods als eher abstrakte Grundbedürfnisse definiert sind, werden konkrete Mittel, Ziele und Verhaltensweisen zu deren Erfüllung benötigt. Diese Mittel werden als secondary goods bezeichnet und zeigen sich in Form von Annäherungszielen . Beispielsweise können mit einem Praktikum die primary goods Wissen und Kompetenz in der Arbeit erreicht werden; die Mitgliedschaft in einem Sportverein kann dagegen eher das primary good Gemeinschaft zugeordnet werden.

Das bedeutet auch, dass secondary goods Auskunft über zurgrundeliegende primary goods geben können . Welshalb werden bestimmte Aktivitäten gewählt bzw. bevorzugt?

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Was sind die Ursachen für Straffälligkeit nach dem Good Lives Model (GLM)?2021-06-22T19:20:15+02:00

Laut GLM begehen Menschen Straftaten, weil sie versuchen menschliche Grundbedürfnisse zu befriedigen, ihnen jedoch nicht die adäquaten Mittel zur Verfügung stehen . Beispielsweise kann sich ein erwachsener Mann mit Sehnsucht nach Intimität einem minderjährigen Mädchen zuwenden, wenn ihm soziale Kompetenzen und Selbstbewusstsein fehlen um Intimität mit erwachsenen Frauen zu praktizieren. Als solches sind Straftaten das Produkt eines grundsätzlich menschlichen und normalen Wunsches, welcher sich jedoch aufgrund von äußeren oder inneren Schwierigkeiten in verletzendem oder antisozialem Verhalten ausdrückt.

Empirische Untersuchungen zur Überprüfung der ätiologischen Annahmen des GLM zeigten, dass der Versuch menschliche Grundbedürfnisse zu befriedigen auf direktem und indirektem Pfad zu kriminellem Verhalten führen kann. Weiterhin wurden vier typische Probleme im Lebensplan (GLP) identifiziert, die mit einer erhöhten Wahrscheinlichkeit für Straffälligkeit in Zusammenhang gebracht werden. Demnach resultiert Kriminalität, wenn Einzelnen die inneren und äußeren Ressourcen fehlen, um ein Leben nach den persönlichen Wertvorstellungen durch prosoziale Mittel gestalten zu können .

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Willis, G. M., Yates, P. M., Gannon, T. A., & Ward, T. (2013). How to Integrate the Good Lives Model Into Treatment Programs for Sexual Offending: An Introduction and Overview. Sexual Abuse, 25(2), 123–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063212452618
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Was unterscheidet den direkten vom indirekten Pfad zur Straffälligkeit im GLM?2021-06-18T12:51:27+02:00

Auf dem direkten Pfad befindet sich jemand, der aktiv (oft implizit) einen Versuch unternimmt ein primäres Gut durch kriminelles Verhalten zu erreichen. Beispielsweise befindet sich ein Mensch auf dem direkten Pfad, wenn ihm die Kompetenz fehlt Verbundenheit und Intimität mit einem Erwachsenen herzustellen und er stattdessen versucht dieses primary goood durch den sexuellen Missbrauch eines Kindes zu erreichen.

Auf dem indirekten Pfad befindet sich jemand, bei dem der Versuch eines oder mehrere Güter zu erreichen fehlschlägt und dies durch einen Schneeball- oder Kaskadeneffekt indirekt zu einer Straftat führt . Ein Beispiel für den indirekten Pfad ist es, wenn ein Konflikt zwischen Intimität/ Verbundenheit und Autonomie zu einer Trennung und daraus folgenden Gefühlen von Einsamkeit und Schmerz führt. Maladaptive Copingstrategien wie der Konsum von Alkohol zum Lindern des Schmerzes können unter Umständen zu einem Kontrollverlust führen und in einer Gewalt- oder Sexualstraftat münden.

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Willis, G. M., Yates, P. M., Gannon, T. A., & Ward, T. (2013). How to Integrate the Good Lives Model Into Treatment Programs for Sexual Offending: An Introduction and Overview. Sexual Abuse, 25(2), 123–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063212452618
Wormith, J. S., Gendreau, P., & Bonta, J. (2012). Deferring to Clarity, Parsimony, and Evidence in Reply to Ward, Yates, and Willis. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39(1), 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854811426087
Yates, P. M., Prescott, D., & Ward, T. (2010). Applying the good lives and self-regulation models to sex offender treatment: a practical guide for clinicians. Safer Society Press.
Willis, G. M., Prescott, D. S., & Yates, P. M. (2013). The Good Lives Model (GLM) in theory and practice. Sexual Abuse in Australia and New Zealand. https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.394984280746199
Schmidt, S., Heffernan, R., & Ward, T. (2021). The Cultural Agency-Model of Criminal Behavior. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 58, 101554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2021.101554
Welche Hindernisse können im Lebensplan auftreten?2021-06-18T13:01:59+02:00

Es lassen sich vier Problemtypen im Lebensplan bzw. der alltäglichen Lebensweise von Menschen unterschieden. Dies betrifft also die Art und Weise wie die primary goods im Leben verwirklicht werden. Dabei kann ein Mangel an…

  • internaler oder externaler Kapazität (zur Erreichung wichtiger Ziele im Leben)
  • Bandbreite (der angestrebten / befriedigten primary goods)
  • adäquaten Mitteln (konkrete Strategien, die zur Erfüllung wichtiger Grundbedürfnisse gewählt werden)
  • Kohärenz (Stimmigkeit und Vereinbarkeit zwischen verschiedenen Lebenszielen)

…vorliegn .

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Willis, G. M., Yates, P. M., Gannon, T. A., & Ward, T. (2013). How to Integrate the Good Lives Model Into Treatment Programs for Sexual Offending: An Introduction and Overview. Sexual Abuse, 25(2), 123–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063212452618
Wormith, J. S., Gendreau, P., & Bonta, J. (2012). Deferring to Clarity, Parsimony, and Evidence in Reply to Ward, Yates, and Willis. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39(1), 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854811426087
Yates, P. M., Prescott, D., & Ward, T. (2010). Applying the good lives and self-regulation models to sex offender treatment: a practical guide for clinicians. Safer Society Press.
Willis, G. M., Prescott, D. S., & Yates, P. M. (2013). The Good Lives Model (GLM) in theory and practice. Sexual Abuse in Australia and New Zealand. https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.394984280746199
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Was sind mangelnde internale bzw. externale Kapazitäten?2021-06-18T13:08:43+02:00

Internale Kapazitäten umfassen Wissen und Fähigkeiten einer Person, während externale Kapazitäten äußere Kontextbedingungen wie z.B. soziale Unterstützung, Arbeitsmarktsituation und Zugang zum Bildungssystem sind. Mangelt es einer Person an externen und internen Kapazitäten, können wichtige Lebensziele und primary goods oft nicht befriedigend erreicht werden .

Beispiel 1: Für John spielt Kompetenz in der Arbeit eine besonders wichtige Rolle. Bisher hatte er jedoch nicht die Chance eine Art von Arbeit erlernen, in der er Erfolg und Erfüllung sieht. Hindernisse zum Nutzen seines eigenen Potentials (interne Kapazitäten) können auf verschiedenen Ebenen auftreten:

  • Kognitive Ebene (Mangel an Wissen oder geistigen Fähigkeiten)
  • Psychologische Ebene (Mangel an Selbstvertrauen oder Motivationsprobleme)
  • Verhaltensebene (kognitive oder psychologische Herausforderungen führen zu Verhaltensproblemen wie z.B. Prokrastination, Überreaktion, Vermeidung)

Fehlt es seiner Person an internen Kapazitäten um bestimmte Güter zu erreichen sollte die Förderung entsprechender Fähigkeiten oder interner Ressourcen ein Behandlungsziel sein.

Beispiel 2: Lara möchte gern Künstlerin sein (diesem Ziel liegen möglicherweise die primary goods Kompetenz in Arbeit oder Freizeit oder Kreativität zugrunde). Da sie aber in einer abgelegenen Gegend wohnt (externes Hindernis) gibt es keine Kurse in der Gegend. Interne und externe Hindernisse können die gewählten Mittel mitbestimmen. Hier kann die geografische Isolation Lara dazu veranlassen, ein Kunstbuch zu kaufen und sich die Techniken mithilfe von YouTube Videos selbst beizubringen.

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Was bedeutet ein Mangel an Bandbreite im Lebensplan?2021-06-18T13:27:39+02:00

Wenn nicht jedes der elf primary goods zumindest zu einem gewissen Ausmaß angestrebt und befriedigt wird, fehlt es im Lebensplan an Bandbreite. Dieses Problem kann zur Vernachlässigung von Körper, Selbst oder sozialen Bedürfnissen führen. Dies kann körperliche oder psychologische Beschwerden nach sich ziehen, zu psychischen Erkrankungen oder sozialen Anpassungsstörungen führen . Diese Schwierigkeiten reduzieren wiederum die Lebenszufriedenheit einer Person insgesamt. Probleme in der Bandbreite können verschiedene Ursachen haben und durch ein Desinteresse in einige primary goods bedingt sein, häufiger werden sie jedoch durch fehlende internale Kapazitäten verursacht .

Beispiel: Fehlende soziale Kompetenzen und Misstrauen gegenüber anderen verursachen mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit Schwierigkeiten in Verbundenheit und Gemeinschaftsbedürfnissen. Parallel können sie zu Schwierigkeiten auf der Arbeit (Kompetenz in der Arbeit) führen und die Teilnahme an Freizeitaktivitäten mit anderen (Kompetenz in der Freizeit) reduzieren.

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Willis, G. M., Yates, P. M., Gannon, T. A., & Ward, T. (2013). How to Integrate the Good Lives Model Into Treatment Programs for Sexual Offending: An Introduction and Overview. Sexual Abuse, 25(2), 123–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063212452618
Wormith, J. S., Gendreau, P., & Bonta, J. (2012). Deferring to Clarity, Parsimony, and Evidence in Reply to Ward, Yates, and Willis. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39(1), 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854811426087
Yates, P. M., Prescott, D., & Ward, T. (2010). Applying the good lives and self-regulation models to sex offender treatment: a practical guide for clinicians. Safer Society Press.
Willis, G. M., Prescott, D. S., & Yates, P. M. (2013). The Good Lives Model (GLM) in theory and practice. Sexual Abuse in Australia and New Zealand. https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.394984280746199
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Was bedeutet ein Mangel an adäquaten Mitteln als Hindernis im Lebensplan?2021-06-18T13:29:57+02:00

Grundsätzlich können Bedürfnisse oder primary goods auf viele verschiedene Arten befriedigt werden. Ein Problem in der Angemessenheit der Mittel gibt es dann, wenn die gewählte Art und Weise eher einer erfolgreichen Bedürfnisbefriedigung im Weg steht .

Beispiel: Malte hat versucht Verbundenheit herzustellen durch eine sexuelle Beziehung zu einem Kind. Da Kinder körperlich und geistig jedoch noch nicht die Reife besitzen um mit einem Erwachsenen eine tiefe, intime Beziehung einzugehen, ist dieses Mittel nicht nur schädigend für das Kind, auch die Bedürfnisse von Malte werden weiterhin unerfüllt bleiben.

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Willis, G. M., Yates, P. M., Gannon, T. A., & Ward, T. (2013). How to Integrate the Good Lives Model Into Treatment Programs for Sexual Offending: An Introduction and Overview. Sexual Abuse, 25(2), 123–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063212452618
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Was bedeutet ein Mangel an Kohärenz im Lebensplan?2021-06-18T13:50:11+02:00

Kohärenz im Lebensplan bedeutet, dass die Bedürfnisse einer Person geordnet und im Einklang miteinander verbunden sind. Laut Ward und Stewart (2003) ist davon auszugehen, dass ein inkohärentes Leben zu Frustration und Leiden führt und darüber hinaus der Person ein Gefühl von Sinn und Bedeutsamkeit fehlt.

Es können zwei Kohärenztypen unterschieden werden. Horizontale Kohärenz bedeutet, dass primary goods miteinander in einer konsistenten Beziehung stehen und die Erfüllung gegenseitig ermöglichen. Die primary goods ergänzen sich gegenseitig oder müssen zumindest harmonisch nebeneinander statt im Konflikt stehen.

Beispiel: Roswitha möchte das Bedürfnis nach Verbundenheit durch eine romantische Beziehung erfüllen, ist aber gleichzeitig ihrer Kompetenz in Selbstbestimmung stark verpflichtet. Sie möchte sich eng verbunden und sicher bei jemandem fühlen, nutzt aber auch Druck und Beleidigungen, um die Kontrolle und Autonomie zu bewahren. Die gewählten Mittel erzeugen einen Konflikt zwischen den angestrebten primary goods. Beziehungsprobleme, das Behindern von Verbundenheit und emotionale Schwierigkeiten können die Folgen sein.

Vertikale Kohärenz bezieht sich auf die Rangordnung der primary goods. Während grundsätzlich alle primary goods im Leben einer gewisse Rolle spielen sollten, ist die Priorisierung ein individueller Prozess. Die persönliche Rangfolge der Wichtigkeit ist anhand der eigenen Vorlieben, Fähigkeiten, Neigungen und Abneigungen, sozialen Normen und kulturellen Werten zu bestimmen. Ein Verständnis der Rangfolge ist nötig, um die täglichen Aktivitäten entsprechend auszurichten.

Beispiel: Jemand, der Verbundenheit höher schätzt als Kompetenz in der Arbeit wird in einem Single Leben mit langen Arbeitstagen an sieben Tagen pro Woche recht unglücklich sein. Das Fehlen von vertikaler Kohärenz kann damit zu einem Gefühl von Bedeutungslosigkeit und Unglücklichsein, zu einem unerfüllten Leben und möglicherweise zu einem Fokus auf kurzfristige Befriedigungen statt Erfüllung von Langzeit-Zielen führen .

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Welche Rolle spielen Risikofaktoren im Good Lives Model (GLM)?2021-06-22T19:19:35+02:00

Im GLM werden dynamische Risikofaktoren (DRF), die laut empirischer Daten mit erhöhtem Risiko für kriminelles Verhalten zusammenhängen, berücksichtigt und in das Rahmenmodell eingebunden. Im Erklärungsmodell des GLM werden dynamische Risikofaktoren als interne und externe Hindernisse beim Erreichen von primary goods konzeptualisiert. Sie zeigen damit Parallelen zu Problemen mit der internalen und externalen Kapazität .

Beispiel: Impulsivität (DRF) kann ein Hindernis beim Erreichen von Kompetenz in Selbstbestimmung/ Handlungsfähigkeit (primary good) darstellen. Weiterhin können Schwierigkeiten in der Emotionsregulation (DRF) das Erreichen von innerem Frieden (primary good) behindern oder die Person dazu veranlassen auf weniger angemessene Mittel zurückzugreifen wie z.B. Alkoholmissbrauch (DRF).

Damit sind Menschen mit vielen internen und externen Schwierigkeiten, denen außerdem wenige innere und äußere Ressourcen (Stärken) zur Verfügung stehen, in besonderem Maße einem Risiko für problematische Verhaltensweisen und Kriminalität ausgesetzt. Stehen ihnen die Fähigkeiten und Ressourcen nicht zur Verfügung, um erwünschte Ziele und primary goods auf prosoziale Weise zu erreichen, sehen sie sich gezwungen auf antisoziale oder fehlangepasste Verhaltensweisen auszuweichen. Jedes primary good kann laut Ward und Maruna (2007) mit einem oder mehreren Risikofaktoren verknüpft werden.

Dynamische Risikofaktoren werden als veränderbare innere und äußere Bedingungen gesehen, die Kriminalität begünstigen. Dennoch wird kritisiert, dass diese allein nicht ausreichen, um Kriminalität hinreichend zu erklären und verstehen . Das GLM ergänzt die bekannten Effekte von äußeren und inneren (Risiko- und Schutz-) Faktoren durch Berücksichtigung grundlegender Bedürfnisse und Motivatoren zu einem schlüssigen Erklärungsmodell.

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